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South China Sea US Policy Options

/analyses/2014/south-china-sea-us-policy-options

The aim of this report is to propose additional policy options that the United States might pursue in the South China Sea. To this end it provides a detailed recounting of existing U.S. policy toward the South China Sea. It concludes by recommending additional policy approaches aimed toward generating a more peaceful, stable, non- confrontational, law abiding environment in the South China Sea. Along the way it will address the U.S. interests that are involved in the South China Sea. It will briefly explain what international laws apply to the South China Sea, and detail the “rules” that Washington’s policy insists all parties follow. It will then provide an overview of the legal merits of the respective claims to the islands and features in the South China Sea. The legal overview is presented not to argue for a change to existing U.S. policy of not taking a position on sovereignty claims, but to provide policy-makers with some understanding of the legal complexity of the claims issue.

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Philippine Claims in South China Sea

/analyses/2014/philippine-claims-in-south-china-sea

This is the third of three legal analyses commissioned as part of a project entitled “U.S. Policy Options in the South China Sea.” Experienced U.S. international lawyers, such as Captain Mark Rosen, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, USN (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, were asked to test the various legal arguments that Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines make in support of their claims, weigh them against the body of international case law associated with maritime disputes of this sort, and, if possible, reach a judgment on which country’s claim is superior. Importantly, this analysis of Philippine claims to Scarborough Shoal and features in the Spratly archipelago was not undertaken as a prelude to a recommendation that the United States depart from its long-held position of not taking a position on competing sovereignty claims in the South China Sea. That is not the intent of the project; nor is it one of the recommendations.

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Impacts of EPA’s Clean Power Plan on Electricity Generation and Water Use in Texas

/analyses/2014/impacts-of-epas-clean-power-plan-on-electricity-generation-and-water-use-in-texas

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a new rule under the Clean Air Act—the Clean Power Plan (CPP)—to control carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from existing stationary electric power plants. In order to better understand the potential impacts of the rule for water consumption and withdrawals in Texas, a state that is experiencing on-going drought, we apply a power generation policy model to evaluate water use along with other economic and environmental indicators. We explore two scenarios: a Baseline scenario and the implementation of the CPP. We find that the state will save water under the CPP be able to meet the final and interim targets with modest incremental effort.

applied CNA’s Electricity-Water-Climate power sector model to evaluate the potential impacts. We find that under the CPP, the state will save water and reduce levels of conventional air pollutants

Understanding an Adversarys Strategic Calculus

/analyses/2013/understanding-an-adversarys-strategic-calculus

Insights into the strategic and operational calculus of a 21st century adversary – like Iran -- can be gained by examining similar cases. One such case is the evolution in the U.S. understanding of the Soviet Union’s strategic and operational calculus regarding the wartime employment of its navy during the last two decades of the Cold War.

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US India Security Burden Sharing

/analyses/2013/us-india-security-burden-sharing

Building a partnership with India is central to U.S. security interests in the Indian Ocean (IO). The United States seeks to work with India to promote stability in a region of rising commercial and strategic importance. U.S. policymakers view India as an “anchor” or “pillar” of stability in the Asia-Pacific. Given declining defense budgets, however, the United States will have fewer resources for its forces and partner capacity-building in this vast region. Envisioning India as a “provider of security in the broader Indian Ocean region,” the United States is naturally eager to pursue burden-sharing opportunities with India as a means to this end. India for its part understands that the United States expects it to assume a greater leadership role in the IO and appreciates the importance of its growing economic and naval capabilities. In 2010, then-Foreign Secretary Nirupama Rao spoke about the growing view that “a robust Indian naval presence is seen as a necessary contribution to a cooperative regional security order” and discussed “the cooperative burden-sharing of naval forces to fight piracy off the coast of Somalia” as an example of India’s contributions to IO security.

/reports/2013/drm-2012-u-001121-final2_Page_001.jpg /reports/2013/india%20collage%202.jpg Strategy and Policy Analysis /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/strategy-and-policy-analysis Cleared for public release. Distribution unlimited. 150

US Navy in the World 1991 to 2000

/analyses/2012/us-navy-in-the-world-1991-to-2000

These briefings by Peter Swartz cover about 35 U.S. Navy capstone documents, 1970–2010. This briefing focuses on strategy and policy documents, 1991–2000.

_Page_001.jpg /reports/2011/world.jpg Strategy and Policy Analysis /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/strategy-and-policy-analysis Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited. 130 MISC

US Navy Capstone 1991 to 2000

/analyses/2012/us-navy-capstone-1991-to-2000

These briefings by Peter Swartz cover U.S. Navy capstone documents, 1970–. This briefing focuses on Strategy, Policy, Concept, and Vision Documents,1991–2000.

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Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan

/analyses/2012/unconventional-warfare-and-counterinsurgency-in-pakistan

Much has changed in the government’s thinking over the last 11 years. Yet the transition remains largely hesitant and partial. U.S. and NATO forces are pulling back from Afghanistan, and the Taliban is poised to regain at least some of its former power. At the same time, India has modernized its military and strengthened its alliances with the western powers. These trends create strong incentives for the military to, at the very least, retain the unconventional warfare option. The challenge for the Unites States going forward will be to ensure that Pakistan continues to move in the right direction and does not revert back to its earlier policies.

/reports/2012/drp-2012-u-003250-final%20%281%29_Page_01.jpg /reports/2012/pakistan.jpg Countering Threats and Challenges /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/countering-threats-and-challenges Cleared f

Navy Air Force relationship

/analyses/2011/navy-air-force-relationship

These briefings by Peter Swartz cover U.S. Navy capstone documents, 1970–. This briefing focuses on U.S. Navy – U.S. Air Force Relationships, 1970-2010

/reports/2011/d0024022.a4.pdf /reports/2011/d0024022.a4_Page_001.jpg /reports/2011/air%20force.jpg Strategy and Policy Analysis /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/strategy-and-policy-analysis Approved for public release

Capstone concepts 1970 to 2010 Vol 2

/analyses/2011/capstone-concepts-1970-to-2010-vol-2

These briefings by Peter Swartz cover some 35 U.S. Navy capstone documents, 1970–2010. This briefing focuses on global and historical context for the documents.

/reports/2011/d0026422.a1_Page_01.jpg /reports/2011/capstone%20collage%205.jpg Strategy and Policy Analysis /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/strategy-and-policy-analysis Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited