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Private Sector Sanctions on Russia

/our-media/indepth/2022/03/private-sector-sanctions-on-russia

John Milton examines how the withdrawal of American corporations from Russia in the wake of the war in Ukraine demonstrates a new form of geopolitical pressure.

on the backburner of U.S. foreign policy for decades. Geoeconomics , or the use of economic power to achieve geopolitical goals and/or exert geopolitical pressure, was a common component of U.S. foreign policy from the early republic (e.g., the Louisiana Purchase) until the latter half of the Cold War. After the Vietnam War , the U.S. fell into a comfort zone of over-relying on military options ... foreign policy. First, the U.S. has long wielded unparalleled conventional military power. With consistently the highest global defense budget , the U.S. has maintained its battlefield supremacy

What Did the Summit of The Americas Accomplish?

/our-media/indepth/2022/06/summit-of-the-americas-in-review

The Ninth Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles exposed rocky U.S. relations with Latin America, due to regional turmoil and U.S. paralysis, writes Ralph Espach.

. /images/InDepth/American%20States%20Flag.jpg What Did the Summit of The Americas Accomplish? Ralph Espach Ralph Espach is a Senior Research Scientist in CNA's Strategy and Policy Analysis Program . He ... President Mike Pence instead), the United States hoped that this event would disprove the common observation that Washington was rudderless in its regional policy. By attending in person, along with the Vice ... — and a confusing agreement among 20 nations’ leaders to accept more foreign refugees and migrants in exchange for international assistance. Summits of the Americas do not generally create action . Still

Africa is China’s Testing Ground for Overseas Military Missions

/our-media/indepth/2024/10/africa-is-chinas-testing-ground-for-overseas-military-missions

China’s military activities in Africa—including its first overseas military base—have become entrenched. China has ambitions for a deeper African presence.

. The Growth of China’s Military Presence in Africa   Africa has long played a prominent role in the PRC’s concept of its foreign policy . But only in the last two decades has Africa also become ... in Africa is a significant shift in its foreign policy after decades of criticizing the West as “expansionist military powers” for having overseas bases. The PRC maintains roughly 4,100 PLA ... in this time of global shocks. The PRC uses the sale of arms in conjunction with other types of military aid and assistance to complement its foreign policy initiatives, gain a profit from sales

Elections in South Korea and the Philippines: Opportunities for Deeper U.S. Security Cooperation

/our-media/indepth/2022/03/elections-in-south-korea-and-the-philippines

James Bellacqua discusses how elections in South Korea and the Philippines could lead to greater security cooperation with the U.S.

have significant differences on other foreign policy issues. Lee seeks continuity: maintaining and upgrading ties with Washington while engaging with Pyongyang and pursuing a pragmatic approach ... Manila's foreign policy away from Washington's orbit, Marcos has described U.S.-Philippine ties as a "special relationship" and the defense treaty between them as "very important." Marcos has also ... that his own family's less-than-exemplary history with Washington would not affect his foreign policy. (Marcos is not permitted to travel to the U.S. due to a 2012 U.S. court judgement against his

To Counter China’s Economic Threat to US Industry, Seek Resilience, Not Deterrence

/our-media/indepth/2024/11/counter-chinas-economic-threat-with-resilience-not-deterrence

Economic deterrence, a priority in the National Defense Industrial Strategy, is vague and difficult. To compete with China, economic resilience is preferable.

National Defense Industrial Strategy (NDIS) is what DOD describes as a “first of its type” document for strengthening the defense industrial base. By clearly articulating industrial policy objectives ... order ” or stop trying to deploy “adversarial foreign investment ” against US companies—is insufficient. The multifaceted nature of economic competition, where competitor behaviors can run the gamut ... if an economic red line were visible to Beijing, “fear of materially reduced access to US markets” might not be a sufficient deterrent. Beijing views acquisition of advanced foreign technology and dominance

Russia and China Have Drawn Closer: Three Ways to Wedge Them Apart

/our-media/indepth/2025/08/russia-and-china-have-drawn-closer

US policymakers should pursue a policy that imposes economic pain on China as long as its Russian connections continue to deepen.

the foreign policy calculus of both states—a process that will require both specific policies and generic geopolitical orientation shifts over different timelines. The best way to wedge the two states ... Russia and China Have Drawn Closer US policymakers should pursue a policy that imposes economic pain on China as long as its Russian connections continue to deepen. /images/InDepth/2025/08 ... spheres of influence, especially in Central Asia. The Trump administration has suggested that the United States must look for ways to drive wedges between Russia and the PRC, a policy sometimes

What a Stronger U.S.-Philippine Alliance Means for Beijing

/our-media/indepth/2023/04/what-a-stronger-u.s.-philippine-alliance-means-for-beijing

James Bellacqua examines the impact of greater security cooperation between the U.S. and the Philippines on Beijing and the Indo-Pacific region.

forms of security cooperation with the U.S. as part of a broader reorientation of Philippine foreign policy away from Washington’s orbit. No new initiatives were announced, multiple training events were ... in the Philippines’ foreign policy orientation toward the U.S. and China. Such a shift is troubling to Beijing for a number of reasons: First, closer U.S.–Philippine security cooperation could suggest ... these locations in a contingency involving these potential flashpoints. A PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated on April 12 that based on their locations, “the intention behind those sites is more than

The AUKUS Submarine Agreement

/our-media/indepth/2021/09/aukus-submarine-agreement

President Biden announced the creation of a new trilateral defense partnership to develop a nuclear-powered submarine fleet for Australia between the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom, called AUKUS.

National Security Strategic Guidance . This report marked a dramatic departure from the previous administration’s approach to foreign policy. It emphasized the importance of building ... and export bans, malign foreign influence in Australian domestic politics, and more. “We should call the first submarine in this new category the ‘Xi Jinping,’ because no person is more responsible for Australia going down this track than the current leader of the Chinese Communist Party,” said Peter Jennings, head of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Highlighting the importance

China, Malaysia and the South China Sea

/our-media/indepth/2021/07/china-malaysia-and-the-south-china-sea

On June 1, the Royal Malaysian Air Force announced that 16 People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) aircraft, flying in “tactical formation,” had entered Malaysia's Flight Information Region.

back. The Malaysian Air Force described the incident as a “serious matter that threatens national security and aviation safety,” while the country’s foreign minister, Hishammuddin bin Hussein, said it was a “breach of…Malaysian airspace and sovereignty.” A spokesperson for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the other hand, stated “it was a routine training conducted by China's air ... diplomacy ” in an effort to avoid antagonizing Beijing and to maintain what many Malaysians believe is a “ special relationship ” with China. Malaysia’s China policy has traditionally

All In on Africa

/our-media/indepth/2023/05/all-in-on-africa

Kaia Haney examines the Biden Administration’s recent diplomacy in Africa and how it ties into strategic competition on the continent.

by Foreign Policy correspondent Howard French, the U.S. is not the only potentially valuable partner for African nations. The U.S. should avoid reacting to other countries’ activities ... the opportunities and dynamism of the continent rather than its challenges. Yet in other ways, the strategy is a continuation of U.S. policy, insofar as the Biden administration is still working to counter China ... the pace of senior officials’ visits to Africa. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has conducted three diplomatic tours of Africa since July 2022. The war in Ukraine and Russia’s increasing isolation