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US Greek Naval Relations Begin

/analyses/2003/us-greek-naval-relations-begin

This paper discusses the U.S. Navy’s campaign against Greek pirates who interfered with American shipping in the Aegean during the second decade of the nineteenth century. This campaign was not a particularly important one in the overall history of the U.S. Navy, nor did it strongly influence subsequent Greek-American naval relations. Nevertheless, it illustrates some key aspects of the nature of the Greek war for independence, and of the republic in North America that had itself won its independence less than half a century earlier.

/images/GenericReportImage.jpg Strategy and Policy Analysis /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/strategy-and-policy-analysis Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 8 COP D0008571.A1

Forward from the Start

/analyses/2003/forward-from-the-start

Why was the Navy at the forefront of the far-forward attacks on alQaeda in Afghanistan and the move against Iraq, while willing to take a back seat to the Coast Guard at home? Why did the Navy respond to one of the worst failures in defense at home in the nation's history principally by striking farther forward than it ever had before? Current national policy and naval strategy provide much of the answer, of course. History, however, also provides some clues.

/reports/2003/COP%20D0006678.A1_Page_01.jpg /images/GenericReportImage.jpg Strategy and Policy Analysis /centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/strategy-and-policy-analysis APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION

Statistical Methods for Learning Curves

/analyses/2003/statistical-methods-for-learning-curves

In this chapter, we first discuss statistical methods for estimating '"cost progress" or "learning." We use these two terms interchangeably to describe a reduction in unit production cost as more items have been cumulatively produced over the course of a manufacturing program. Next, we turn our attention from the learning curve to the cost-estimating relationship (CER), a regression equation to predict the development or production cost of a system based on performance and technical characteristics such as weight, speed, and composite materials content.

/reports/2003/D0006870.A3_Page_001.jpg /images/GenericReportImage.jpg Force Optimization and Readiness Generation /centers-and-divisions/cna/rfr/data-science-for-sustainment Cleared for public release

Interwar US and Japanese National Product Expenditure

/analyses/2003/interwar-us-and-japanese-national-product-expenditure

I assess the meaning and implications of these data in another report. Here, howewer, it is appropriate to mention cautions to be observed with regard to them. It is reasonable to expect that each of the series here is generally consistent internally over the 21-year period from 1920 through 1941. Thus we can be pretty certain that the trends shown for Japanese naval equipment and aircraft procurement or U.S. defense current expense are accurate. The U.S. series benefit from better source data and more stable prices, but this is somewhat balanced by the need to guess at defense deflators for the period 1920-1928, and to piece series together for GNP and total defense expenditure. The consistency across the series in one family also is likely to be good. That is, the relationship between Japanese construction and Japanese army equipment and aircraft procurement is probably relatively accurately portrayed. The U.S. series may be slightly better in this regard due to better source data, although the uncertainties about defense deflators for 1920-1928 again takes its toll.

/reports/2003/D0007249.A1.pdf /reports/2003/D0007249.A1_Page_01.jpg /images/GenericReportImage.jpg Force Optimization and Readiness Generation /centers-and-divisions/cna/rfr/data-science-for-sustainment Cleared

Hard to Fill Billets and Continuation

/analyses/2002/hard-to-fill-billets-and-continuation

This paper investigates the relationship between retention and sailors’ assignments. We identify the Navy’s hard-to-fill billets based on location and job characteristics and then estimate the impact of being ordered into a hard-to-fill billet on sailors’ retention. By definition, most sailors do not desire Navy hard-to-fill billets; however, some sailors might. Therefore, we also analyze the effect on continuation of sailors serving in billets of their choosing using individual sailor preference data from the Job Advertising and Selection System (JASS). Finally, we estimate the costs to the Navy of sailors serving in billets not of their choosing.

/reports/2002/D0006179.A2.pdf /reports/2002/US%20Navy%20Seal.png /images/GenericReportImage.jpg Marine Corps and Defense Workforce Program /centers-and-divisions/cna/rfr

History of Shipbuilding in Recent Times

/analyses/2002/history-of-shipbuilding-in-recent-times

The history of the shipbuilding industry in the years since World War II has been one of boom and bust. Most of the world's merchant ships are now built by Korea and Japan, which together built about 77 percent of the gross tonnage delivered in 2000. The third-ranked shipbuilding nation in 2000 was China, which built almost 5 percent of the world output. Several European countries are small but significant participants in the world commercial shipbuilding market. Listed in order of total gross tonnage of ship deliveries in 2000, from largest to smallest, these countries are Germany, Italy, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, France, Norway, the U.K., and Sweden. Together, they produced about 10.5 percent of the gross tonnage of merchant ships delivered in 2000. U.S. shipbuilders produced less than one-fourth of one percent of the commercial tonnage delivered in 2000, which is about the same as the production from Finland.

/images/GenericReportImage.jpg Force Optimization and Readiness Generation /centers-and-divisions/cna/rfr/data-science-for-sustainment Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific

Standard of Living of Enlisted Personnel

/analyses/2001/standard-of-living-of-enlisted-personnel

The level and composition of military pay is crucial to the success of the all-volunteer force (AVF). Most analyses of the "adequacy" of mil­itary compensation focus on comparability with earnings offered in civilian labor markets, but an effective compensation system needs to address other goals as well. An important goal is that military pay be sufficient to meet the basic needs of all personnel. We commonly refer to the economic status or well-being of an individ­ual or group as the "standard of living." This research memorandum focuses on the standard of living that the military compensation system provides its enlisted personnel and their families. Rather than merely characterize the standard of living of enlisted personnel, we also address the adequacy of this standard of living using different metrics developed in the literature.

/images/GenericReportImage.jpg Marine Corps and Defense Workforce Program /centers-and-divisions/cna/rfr/marine-corps-and-defense-workforce-program APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED 37

Senior Enlisted Personnel Do We Need Another Grade

/analyses/2001/senior-enlisted-personnel-do-we-need-another-grade

We have proposed an E-10 paygrade, with a limit of 0.2 percent of the enlisted force. We believe that this new grade would induce addi­ tional years of service out of those senior enlisted who believe they are most competitive for the new grade of E-10. These are, quite simply, the most motivated and the best performers. We suspect that the very best of the enlisted E-9s would continue to serve, motivated by the tangible prospect of being selected for the new grade. The new grade would offer monetary compensation, recognition, and the opportu­nity for our strongest senior enlisted personnel to compete for one more level of increasing responsibility. The latter is probably the most important motivator for those who have served their country with a career in the armed forces. In short, on the assumption that the ser­ vices would promote only their very best to E-10, the strength of the armed forces would be improved and the nation as a whole would benefit from this change. While the benefits of this additional grade would be large, the monetary cost would be very small.

/reports/2001/Vice%20Admiral-Navy.jpg /images/GenericReportImage.jpg Marine Corps and Defense Workforce Program /centers-and-divisions/cna/rfr/marine-corps-and-defense-workforce-program APPROVED

Military Organizations and the Navy

/analyses/2001/military-organizations-and-the-navy

In this paper we compare different military and civilian organizations and examine different ways the services can organize to exchange information. Our goal is to better understand how forces are organized for air, land, and sea combat, and how the unique organizations that have grown up in each environment can work together in a joint operation. We do this by examining service and joint organizations, and how military forces and civilian organizations currently reassemble to work across organizational boundaries. We organize our discussion by service, not joint, organizations because below the Joint Task Force commander level most operations are going to be conducted using organizations and systems designed around service models. While the organizations may be joint organizations, such as the Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC), they are fundamentally based on service (in this case Air Force) doctrine and concepts. The Army did not design JFACC, nor did the Navy; it was a concept that emerged out of Army and Air Force operational thinking and doctrine [2–3]. To realistically look at what organizations are needed in the different environment, we must acknowledge that even joint command structures are adapted to the type of environment their forces operate in.

and Readiness /centers-and-divisions/cna/ow/operational-training-and-readiness Cleared for public release. Distribution unlimited. 74 CRM D0001732.A1/Final

The Great Peace and Development Debate of 1999

/analyses/2000/the-great-peace-and-development-debate-of-1999

This paper explores the context, conduct, results, and implications of what we might call “The Great Peace & Development Debate of 1999.”

/centers-and-divisions/cna/rsp/china-studies 42 CME D0014464.A1/Final The Great Peace and Development Debate of 1999