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Interwar US and Japanese National Product Expenditure

/analyses/2003/interwar-us-and-japanese-national-product-expenditure

I assess the meaning and implications of these data in another report. Here, howewer, it is appropriate to mention cautions to be observed with regard to them. It is reasonable to expect that each of the series here is generally consistent internally over the 21-year period from 1920 through 1941. Thus we can be pretty certain that the trends shown for Japanese naval equipment and aircraft procurement or U.S. defense current expense are accurate. The U.S. series benefit from better source data and more stable prices, but this is somewhat balanced by the need to guess at defense deflators for the period 1920-1928, and to piece series together for GNP and total defense expenditure. The consistency across the series in one family also is likely to be good. That is, the relationship between Japanese construction and Japanese army equipment and aircraft procurement is probably relatively accurately portrayed. The U.S. series may be slightly better in this regard due to better source data, although the uncertainties about defense deflators for 1920-1928 again takes its toll.

its toll. Background‌ This memorandum documents the derivation of estimates of Japanese and U.S. economic resources and of their application to military purposes between the two world wars. Data ... estimates for the war years separately. I have relied primarily on data from Mizoguchi and Nojima. Fortunately for our purposes, economists studying Japan have seen military expenditure ... prior to World War II. In an early study of Japanese capital formation, Henry Rosovsky paid careful attention to Japan’s investments in military capital, ar- guing that this served both statistical

Russian Military Logistics in the Ukraine War

/analyses/2023/10/russian-military-logistics-in-the-ukraine-war

Analysis of Russian military logistics (reformed in 2010) in the Russia-Ukraine war, finds despite setbacks, Russian logistics have been generally successful.

Russian Military Logistics in the Ukraine War Russian Military Logistics in the Ukraine War: Recent Reforms and Wartime Operations Analysis of Russian military logistics (reformed in 2010 ... and adaptability of the Russian military’s logistical and combat service support system. This paper examines Russian military logistics during operations in Ukraine in 2022. It begins with an overview of the logistical system, highlighting its history, approaches, structure, and ongoing reform efforts that have been underway since 2010. The second part of the paper focuses on the system’s

Integration of Female Marine Pilots and Naval Flight Officers 1990-2000

/analyses/2014/integration-of-female-marine-pilots-and-naval-flight-officers-1990-2000

CNA research on the integration of female Marine aviators offers some insights that senior service leaders should consider as they evaluate the expansion of assignments and MOSs for female Marines.

Integration Plan, the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) was asked to examine the history of the integration of women into Marine Corps aviation. CNA gathered and analyzed primary data, including service archives, congressional testimony, and oral histories, and held discussions with a range of subject matter experts, including male and female aviators, senior military leaders, and former policymakers. After a brief summary of the history of women in the Marine Corps, this information paper primarily focuses on the years between 1990 and 2000 and the opening of previously closed pilot and naval flight

Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan

/analyses/2012/unconventional-warfare-and-counterinsurgency-in-pakistan

Much has changed in the government’s thinking over the last 11 years. Yet the transition remains largely hesitant and partial. U.S. and NATO forces are pulling back from Afghanistan, and the Taliban is poised to regain at least some of its former power. At the same time, India has modernized its military and strengthened its alliances with the western powers. These trends create strong incentives for the military to, at the very least, retain the unconventional warfare option. The challenge for the Unites States going forward will be to ensure that Pakistan continues to move in the right direction and does not revert back to its earlier policies.

Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan: A Brief History Much has changed in the government’s thinking over the last 11 years ... time, India has modernized its military and strengthened its alliances with the western powers. These trends create strong incentives for the military to, at the very least, retain the unconventional ... in history have engaged in unconventional warfare – i.e., covert support to non-state militant groups against the security forces of other countries – for so long, on such a large scale, and so close

Superhumans: Implications of Genetic Engineering and Human-Centered Bioengineering

/analyses/2020/12/superhumans-implications-of-genetic-engineering-and-human-centered-bioengineering

Breakthroughs in genetic engineering and bioengineering to enhance human performance hold vast implications for the US military. DOD must prepare accordingly.

engineering and bioengineering to enhance human performance hold vast implications for the US military. DOD must prepare accordingly. Throughout history, humans have pursued ways to improve themselves ... of advancements in these areas, and it derives relevant issues and considerations for the military. To put these latest technologies into perspective, we examined the history of human modification ... superior.” Although the US military has made advances in exploring the applications of human engineering with robotics and human-machine teaming, the applications of genetic modifications

China Pakistan Closer Look

/analyses/2010/china-pakistan-closer-look

On March 31, 2010, CNA China Studies hosted a half-day roundtable to discuss China’s relations with and activities in Pakistan. (Appendix B presents the agenda of this roundtable.) Participants included U.S. government officials, active-duty military personnel, and analysts from think-tanks in Washington and Brussels. This CNA report is based primarily on the presentations, findings, and discussions at the CNA roundtable and supplemented by contextual data and analysis by the author. This report does not represent a fully coordinated consensus of the roundtable participants. Points based on independent research are footnoted as such; points raised by panelists or in the discussion are attributed to the roundtable in the text.

with and activities in Pakistan. (Appendix B presents the agenda of this roundtable.) Participants included U.S. government officials, active-duty military personnel, and analysts from think-tanks in Washington ... disputes in their shared borders with India; a history of hostility and confrontation with India; and a mutual interest in maneuvering to balance or contain India’s power and influence in the region ... .  The Gwadar port and Karakoram Highway have been targeted by extremists, as have Chinese citizens living and working in Pakistan. China-Pakistan relations have a strong military component, which some

Fact Sheet: Desert Storm Firsts

/quick-looks/2021/fact-sheet-desert-storm-firsts

Desert Storm Demonstrated a number of important firsts

Fact Sheet: Desert Storm Firsts Desert Storm Demonstrated a number of important firsts DESERT STORM WAS THE FIRST MAJOR WAR IN A GENERATION FOR THE U.S. MILITARY. THE GULF WAR DEMONSTRATED A NUMBER ... filled most combat missions. Reserve units successfully filled essential rear-echelon missions such as logistics, engineering and medicine. First conflict in history to make comprehensive use ... important, lesson of the Gulf War is that distinct military forces can learn to work together. The second lesson must be that all the services have much yet to learn about ‘jointness.’” Peter Perla

China Russia Space Cooperation May 2023

/analyses/2023/06/china-russia-space-cooperation-may-2023

China-Russia space relations suggest a deepening mutual trust and China’s rise as a space power, but secrecy shrouds the full extent of their cooperation.

efforts that balance against U.S. dominance Militarily , through combined military exercises, technology transfer, coordinated actions, and confidence-building measures Diplomatically, through ... nature of space debris monitoring, China-Russia cooperation could have potential military applications. The similarity of space debris monitoring capabilities to military space surveillance capabilities ... indicate a shifting power dynamic between the two countries. For much of the history of China-Russia space relations, Russia has been the leading space power in the relationship, providing much-needed

Redefining Human Control

/analyses/2018/03/redefining-human-control

This report examines the issue of human control with regard to lethal autonomy, an issue of significant interest in United Nations discussions in the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) forum. We analyze this issue in light of lessons and best practices from recent U.S. operations. Based on this analysis, we make the case for a wider framework for the application of human control over the use of force. This report recommends that CCW discussions currently focusing on process considerations, such as human control, should instead focus on outcome—namely, mitigation of inadvertent engagements. This allows consideration of a more complete set of benefits and risks of lethal autonomy and better management of risks. The report also describes best practices that can collectively serve as a safety net for the use of lethal autonomous weapons. It concludes with concrete recommendations for how the international community can more effectively address the risk of inadvertent engagements from lethal autonomy.

in human control, particularly over the final engagement decision—the trigger pull. Drawing upon CNA’s long history of analyzing military operations, we employ empirical analysis of recent ... their own decisions. Nongovernmental organizations are particularly worried about civilian casualties, while military leaders harbor additional concerns about friendly fire. In four years of meetings ... fallibility One clear lesson from recent military experience is that human judgment during the trigger-pull decision is not perfect. Misidentifications were the reason for about half of all U.S.-caused

China in Anti Piracy in Horn of Africa

/analyses/2009/china-in-anti-piracy-in-horn-of-africa

In December 2008, the navy of the People’s Republic of China (People’s Liberation Army Navy, or PLAN) deployed a task force, made up of two guided missile destroyers and a supply ship, to participate in international anti- piracy operations off the coast of Somalia, in the Gulf of Aden/Horn of Africa (HoA) region. This deployment marked the first time in modern history that China's navy has engaged in an operational mission outside of its claimed territorial waters. The PLAN’s participation in international anti-piracy operations has been viewed by many in the United States and elsewhere as an indication of China’s apparent willingness to take on a larger military role on the global stage. On March 20, 2009, CNA China Studies hosted a half-day conference to discuss China’s anti-piracy activities. Bringing together U.S. officials, analysts, and active-duty military personnel, the conference examined the reasons that piracy has become a problem in the Gulf of Aden/HoA region; the drivers for China’s unprecedented naval participation in international anti-piracy efforts; the implications that this participation has for China’s navy; and the potential implications that it has for the United States. This report first outlines four major themes discussed throughout the conference. It then turns to a more detailed discussion of each of the conference’s three panels.

of Somalia, in the Gulf of Aden/Horn of Africa (HoA) region. This deployment marked the first time in modern history that China's navy has engaged in an operational mission outside of its claimed territorial ... military role on the global stage. On March 20, 2009, CNA China Studies hosted a half-day conference to discuss China’s anti-piracy activities. Bringing together U.S. officials, analysts, and active-duty military personnel, the conference examined the reasons that piracy has become a problem in the Gulf of Aden/HoA region; the drivers for China’s unprecedented naval participation in international