Research for Multinational Operation

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Interoperability of Rules of Engagement in Multinational Maritime Operations
October 1, 1995
In the post-Cold War world, with defense downsizing, nations are likely to work together at sea. One particularly difficult challenge in multinational maritime operations is overcoming differences in Rules of Engagement (ROE). ROE address when, where, against whom, how, and how much force can be used. The varying capabilities, doctrine, political objectives, security interests, civil-military relations, and cultures of the members of multinational operations affect ROE. This paper outlines some common principles, problems, and procedures for reducing the risks of ROE incompatibility and increasing ROE interoperability in multinational maritime operations. The goal of ROE interpretability is to improve the ability of multinational forces to function together safely, effectively, and strategically by ensuring uniform actions and uniform understanding. This paper suggests steps that could foster ROE interoperability and could be taken in advance of real-world contingencies.
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Multinational Maritime Operations (MMOPS) for Naval Doctrine Command
September 1, 1995
Since May 1994, a research study team at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) has been providing the U.S. Naval Doctrine Command (NDC) with analysis on Multinational Maritime Operations (MMOPS) and Operations Other Than War (OOTW). One of the several MMOPS efforts, conducted from February to June 1995, analytically supported an NDC effort designed to provide documents for eventual release universally to maritime forces of any nation that can be expected to work with the U.S. Navy in the future. This briefing is divided into two sections. The first covers NDC's publication development program. It provides background for the second section on CNA's analytical support.
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Military Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope
October 1, 1993
Operation RESTORE HOPE, the December 1992 U.S. military intervention in Somalia, was a significant military operation that coincided with a massive relief effort. One aspect of the operation that was fairly new to many Marines there, and to our military as a whole, was the degree of interaction with workers from Humanitarian Relief Organizations (HROs). Although both the military and the HROs accomplished their missions in Somalia, relations between the two groups were sometimes strained. In future operations--in which the threat might be greater and closer cooperation necessary--military-HRO relations may need to be better. As part of the CNA RESTORE HOPE reconstruction project, this paper examines military-HRO relations in that operation. The paper draws on the RESTORE HOPE experience so that future commanders can better understand the complexities of military-HRO relations. In the paper, we review various aspects of the relationship, identify the causes of the problems between the groups, and suggest options that commanders may consider for improving relations in future operations. See also CRMs 93-96, 93-114, 93-120, 93-126, 93-148, and 93-152.
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Blue Hulls: Multinational Naval Cooperation and the United Nations
July 1, 1993

This paper considers the role of the United Nations (UN) in facilitating, sponsoring, coordinating, and/or executing multinational cooperation on the seas. It identifies and discusses nine potential UN naval missions and their supporting naval tasks. These are mission areas in which the UN has or may become involved, independent of the form of cooperation. It then analyzes four different options for organizing UN naval cooperation: UN authorization, UN designation, UN direction of designated national contingents, and UN standing naval forces. Finally, the paper suggests conditions under which particular combinations of mission and organizing options should be pursued, and proposes some courses of action independent of mission or organizing option. Appendixes discuss the UN system for collective security and provide historical lessons learned or precedents for each UN naval cooperation organizing option.

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Multinational Naval Cooperation Options
March 1, 1993

In response to a request from the DCNO for Plans, Policy, and Operations, CNA (with the Hudson Institute and the Naval War College) conducted a study of the conditions under which multinational naval cooperation at sea could support U.S. interests in the decade ahead. The study considered the prospects and problems associated with coalition operations and combined exercises in the major areas of operation of the fleet commanders in chief. This memorandum summarizes the study approach and presents key findings. A series of supporting documents issued by CNA contains specialized regional and functional analyses.

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Desert Storm Reconstruction Report, Volume VII: Maritime Interception Force Operations
October 1, 1991
This volume of the Desert Storm Reconstruction Report documents the maritime interception force operations that were used to enforce the United Nations Security Council's economic sanctions against Iraq. The operations described include those occurring from the beginning of Desert Shield in August through the cease-fire at the end of February.
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