Research for Mixes of Forces

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The Intervasion of Haiti
August 1, 1996
On 19 September 1994, U.S. troops began a permissive entry into Haiti. This occurred the morning after President Clinton stopped an invasion with airborne forces already in the air. Perhaps most appropriately called an intervasion, somewhere between an invasion and intervention, Operation Uphold Democracy came almost exactly three years after the Haitian armed forces overthrew the government of Jean Bertrand Aristide, the first democratically-elected president in Haiti's turbulent history. The 1991 coup and the use of military forces to restore President Aristide fit into a long-term pattern of Haitian political instability and violence. The United States led the international intervention (intervasion) to restore the democratically elected President to power. This paper reviews Haitian-American relations and events in Haiti leading to the operation, discusses the operation through its three phases, evaluated the intervention, and describes some potential lessons to be learned from it. Table 2 provides a list of US Operations in the Caribbean, 1991-1995.
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The U.S. Experience in Forcible Entry, Sustained Land Operations, and Sustained Land Combat Since World War II
May 1, 1995

One issue the Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Services (CORM) is examining is the appropriate mix of Army and Marine corps capabilities for forcible entry. This research memorandum briefly examines the United States' use of military forces for forcible entry, sustained land operations, and sustained land combat since the Second World War. In terms of forcible-entry capabilities, it not only examines cases of forcible entry involving combat, but also highlights some non-combat and contingency-response uses of forcible-entry capabilities.

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USMC Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study: Volume I: Summary
December 1, 1992
This research memorandum summarizes CNA's analysis of Marine Corps forces for the congressionally mandated Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study. It discusses the historical use of the Marine Corps Reserve in the Korean and Persian Gulf Wars, legislation pertaining to Marine Corps force structure, the Marine Corps' implementation of Total Force Policy, development of alternative force structures, and preparation of reserve forces for war. It also discusses ten alternative force structures. The analysis of alternative force structures considers the capability to respond to future contingencies, peacetime forward-presence/rotation capability, reserve force sustainability, total number of personnel in active forces and the Selected Marine Corps Reserve, transition costs, and steady-state costs. See also 27 920161, 27 920168, 27 920180, and 27 920185.
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USMC Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study: Volume III, Development of Alternative Structures and Estimates of Training Times
December 1, 1992
This research memorandum is the third in a set of five volumes addressing Marine Corps active and reserve force structure and mix. This volume develops an inclusive set of options that are analyzed in detail in volume IV. It also makes detailed estimates of the post-mobilization training time needed by reserve units. See also 27 920161, 27 920168, 27 920180, and 27 920182.
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USMC Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study, Volume IV: Analysis of Alternative Force Structures and Mixes
December 1, 1992
This research memorandum is the fourth in a set of five volumes addressing the Marine Corps Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study. This volume addresses the following aspects for each of the force mixes studied: capability to respond to future contingencies, capability to provide peacetime forward presence/rotation, reserve force sustainability, total number of personnel in active forces and the Selected Marine Corps Reserve, transition costs, and steady-state costs. The roles of the Individual Ready Reserve are also discussed. See also 27 920168, 27 920180, 27 920182, and 27 920185.
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USMC Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study, Volume II: History and Policy
October 1, 1992
This research memorandum is the second in a set of five volumes documenting the Marine Corps Active and Reserve Force Structure and Mix Study. This volume examines the Marine implementation of Total Force Policy and two historical uses of the Marine Corps Reserve in regional conflict (the Korean and Persian Gulf wars). See also 27 920161, 27 920180, 27 920182, and 27 920185.
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Desert Storm Reconstruction Report: Amphibious Operations, Volume V
October 1, 1991
This volume of the Desert Storm Reconstruction Report addresses the role of the amphibious forces during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Specifically, the document discusses the tactics employed, the threats encountered, and the missions performed by the amphibious forces.
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A Brave New Curriculum for a Brave New World?
March 1, 1991
This paper examines the curriculum of the Naval War College, focusing on adapting the current three-course program to provide a more appropriate education for the officers looking to meet the nation's needs through the tumultuous decade ahead.
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Summary of the Active/Reserve Force Mix Study
February 1, 1987
Because savings are usually expected when responsibilities are transferred from Active to Reserve units, Congress directed the services in 1984 to prepare annual reports outlining how they would provide the Reserve with new missions, more modern equipment, and greater integration with the active forces. The purpose of the Active/Reserve Force Mix Study was to provide analytical assistance to the Navy in preparing its annual report. This research memorandum summarizes the analyses conducted for the study. The availability of personnel to man missions being transferred to the Reserve forces is studied. In particular, this paper examines which homeports will be most able to support the Naval Reserve Force, what determines whether Navy veterans will affiliate with the Selected Reserves, and what the supply will be of aviation officers leaving active duty. Better techniques for estimating the cost savings of Reserve units are developed, and the operating and support costs of aviation units, especially personnel costs, are discussed.
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Naval Reserve Forces: The Historical Experience with Involuntary Recalls
April 1, 1986
One seldom considered dimension in examinations of active-reserve force tradeoffs is our historical experience in calling up and using Naval Reserve Forces in circumstances and crises short of general war. The fact that Naval Reserve Forces have not been called in a host of conceivable recall situations, coupled with the sparse but mostly troubled experience when reserve forces were in fact recalled involuntarily, add useful perspective to the ongoing debate about the active-reserve force mix in the Navy. This memorandum examines that experience from the early days of the Korean War to the present. It includes a discussion of lessons from past experience which seem germane to current considerations.
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