Research for Humanitarian Assistance

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Operation Restore Hope: Summary Report
April 1, 1994
In December 1992, the U.S. Central Command formed Joint Task Force (JTF) Somalia to conduct military operations in southern Somalia. The purpose of the operation, designated Operation RESTORE HOPE, was to establish a secure environment for Humanitarian Relief Organizations (HROs) to provide famine relief services. From November 1992 through March 1993, six analysts from the Center for Naval Analyses provided analytic support to JTF Somalia. Five analysts were on-scene in Somalia at various times. At the request of the CJTF, the analysts studied planning, the execution of the JTF concept, logistics, the transition to the UN-led operation, and certain aspects of operations, including rules of engagement and interactions between the military and the HROs. Documentation of these analyses is contained in a series of research memoranda. This summary report draws together some of the results of the individual analyses and puts them in the context of the overall operation. Its scope is limited by the issues addressed by the on-scene representatives. Thus, neither our study nor this summary report purports to be a comprehensive compilation of the military operations conducted during RESTORE HOPE, or of the lessons that the military has learned from the operation. See also CRMs 93-96, 93-114, 93-148, 93-126, 93-120, and 93-140.
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Rules of Engagement (ROE) for Humanitarian Intervention and Low-Intensity Conflict: Lessons from Restore Hope
October 1, 1993
As part of CNA's reconstruction of Operation RESTORE HOPE, this paper examines the rules of engagement for U.S. Marine Corps and Army ground forces during the operation, and discusses eight issues surrounding their writing, implementation, and effects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the overall lessons learned from the experience. See also CRMs 93-96, 93-114, 93-126, 93-140, 93-148, and 93-152.
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Military Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope
October 1, 1993
Operation RESTORE HOPE, the December 1992 U.S. military intervention in Somalia, was a significant military operation that coincided with a massive relief effort. One aspect of the operation that was fairly new to many Marines there, and to our military as a whole, was the degree of interaction with workers from Humanitarian Relief Organizations (HROs). Although both the military and the HROs accomplished their missions in Somalia, relations between the two groups were sometimes strained. In future operations--in which the threat might be greater and closer cooperation necessary--military-HRO relations may need to be better. As part of the CNA RESTORE HOPE reconstruction project, this paper examines military-HRO relations in that operation. The paper draws on the RESTORE HOPE experience so that future commanders can better understand the complexities of military-HRO relations. In the paper, we review various aspects of the relationship, identify the causes of the problems between the groups, and suggest options that commanders may consider for improving relations in future operations. See also CRMs 93-96, 93-114, 93-120, 93-126, 93-148, and 93-152.
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Blue Hulls: Multinational Naval Cooperation and the United Nations
July 1, 1993

This paper considers the role of the United Nations (UN) in facilitating, sponsoring, coordinating, and/or executing multinational cooperation on the seas. It identifies and discusses nine potential UN naval missions and their supporting naval tasks. These are mission areas in which the UN has or may become involved, independent of the form of cooperation. It then analyzes four different options for organizing UN naval cooperation: UN authorization, UN designation, UN direction of designated national contingents, and UN standing naval forces. Finally, the paper suggests conditions under which particular combinations of mission and organizing options should be pursued, and proposes some courses of action independent of mission or organizing option. Appendixes discuss the UN system for collective security and provide historical lessons learned or precedents for each UN naval cooperation organizing option.

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