Research for Histories

In this paper we summarize the results of a study conducted by the Center for Naval Analyses that identifies and analyzes how the Marine Corps might improve its ability to conduct Humanitarian Assistance Operations (HAOs). To achieve this objective, we (1) examined how the military has conducted HAOs in the past; (2) identified alternative ways the military can conduct these operations; and (3) assessed the relative costs of these alternatives in terms of changes in organization, training and education, doctrine and documentation, and equipment and supplies. This study is co-sponsored by the Marine Corps Combat Development Command and I Marine Expeditionary Force. We developed this summary from earlier analyses which present detailed discussions of HAO requirements and alternatives in the areas of planning, training, civil affairs and psychological operations, legal affairs, and logistics and engineering. This summary presents key results from these analyses, and integrates them into a greater whole.

We will not make fundamental progress at reforming the health care system until we, as a nation, come to grips with the issue of how we should ration care. Although we have not been able to come to a consensus on this issue, we remain uncomfortable with our current hybrid system that is a mix of government programs and market options. Recent attempts at comprehensive reform failed because of a lack of agreement on the appropriate shape of reform. These experiences are specifically of interest to those engaged in policy-making with regard to the ongoing evolution of the U.S. health care system. However, we are all likely to be affected by policy changes that alter our health care systems, and it is important to understand what happened during our recent effort to seek health care reform and what is likely to occur in the future. To understand the issues underlying health care reform and the likely future of the American health care system, this paper addresses the following questions: What is the history of health care reform for the United States?; Why did we reengage health care reform in recent years?; What factors caused health care reform efforts to fail?; Does our health care system have major problems (have we begun to fix the problems; or have we decided that we don't know what to do yet)?; How do we compare to other countries?; and, Will health care reform come back again, and, if so, what are the questions we need to answer before then?

The Naval Doctrine Command asked the Center for Naval Analyses to examine the command and control doctrine and practice of U.S. naval forces. The purpose of this effort is to help the Command (1) refine naval doctrine and (2) participate more effectively in the development of joint doctrine. CNA's Naval Command and Control for Joint Operations project examines how current Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) and Amphibious Warfare concepts can better integrate with the command and control of joint and combined operations. One of the objectives of this study is to understand how the dynamics that drive command and control for joint and combined operations differ from those that drive the Navy's use of the CWC structure. To do this, we need to examine the following questions: (1) How did our current joint and combined command structures evolve? (2) Why did these structures take the forms that they have? and (3) What are the implications for naval forces? This research memorandum focuses on the origins and evolution of U.S. doctrine for joint, combined, and amphibious warfare. First, we discuss how doctrine developed from the initial U.S. experience at modern coalition warfare in World War I, and then through the development of techniques and doctrine for operations between the wars. Second, we examine how current doctrine arose out of World War II. Finally, we discuss some of the implications for today's naval forces.

In April 1991, the Director of Naval Intelligence asked CNA to undertake a formal study that would define the character of the future Soviet or Russian Navy. In July 1991, we launched the Future Russian Navy project. This annotated briefing provides an overview of the study's findings. It summarizes the research memoranda that document the elements of the project, and reports on the overall findings in anticipation of the study's final report.