Research for Contamination

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Puget Sound 1999 Area Oil Spill Exercise: Evaluation Report
May 1, 1999
This report serves as the Navy's formal evaluation for the 1999 Puget Sound Area Oil Spill Exercise. The report includes exercise results, lessons learned, and recommendations. The basic aim of the exercise was to improve the Navy's ability to interface with the local response community in the effort to organize and respond to a worst-case oil spill and to test the response strategies set forth in the regions Area Contingency Plan and Geographic Response Plans. The report examines both the success of the exercise in meeting its fundamental goals and the success of the spill response. Recommendations include conducting additional Incident Command System (ICS) training, ensuring greater familiarity with exercise goals and roles in future exercises, and predetermining the where the command center should be established in the event of a real oil spill.
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Utility of Ecological Risk Assessments
April 1, 1996
Ecological Risk Assessments (ERAs) are performed at hazardous waste cleanup sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) program to determine the risk that contaminants pose to the environment. A number of concerns have been expressed with respect to ERAs and other studies conducted at CERCLA sites including the following: too much effort is being spent on 'studies' instead of remedies; and remedies are largely determined on the basis of human health risk and any applicable cleanup standards in place as opposed to ecological risk. As a result of these concerns, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) asked the Center for Naval Analyses to conduct a study of the utility of ecological risk assessments. This study was to review the ERA process in general and address specific issues. This report documents the results of the study.
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San Diego 1995 Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) Exercise Evaluation Report
February 1, 1996
The Exxon Valdez disaster of March 1989 revealed major shortcomings in this nation's ability to deal with such an incident, and resulted in the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90). In general, OPA-90 called for increased preparedness for major oil spills by requiring information of area committees, preparation of area plans, and periodic exercises. It was in response to this requirement for periodic exercises that the Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Special Programs Office of Pipeline Safety, and Mineral Management Service developed the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP). The country is divided into 60 areas for oil spill response. PREP conducts 20 area exercises per year, so that each area is exercised once every three years. The 1995 San Diego PREP area exercise was the first exercise led by the Navy. This report serves as the formal evaluation report for the 1995 San Diego PREP area exercise and satisfies all Navy documentation requirements under PREP.
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A Methodology for Evaluation of PREP Area Exercises
February 1, 1996
For many years, the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) has been charged with reconstructing and analyzing the Navy's major fleet exercises. Before deploying, a carrier battle group completes its work-up cycle by participating in a major exercise war. CNA provides reconstruction and analysis support at the request of the fleet commanders, who need an objective evaluation of their battle group's tactics and readiness. On 26 and 27 September 1995, Commander, Naval Base San Diego and Fleet Industrial Supply Center, Sand Diego hosted the 1995 San Diego Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) Area Exercise. This report documents our evaluation methodology, and offers a suggested evaluation plan for use in future PREP area exercises.
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Alternative-Fuel Vehicles for the Department of the Navy: Appendixes
October 1, 1992
This research memorandum presents three appendixes that support, and expand on, material in CNA Research Memorandum 92-91, dated July 1992. Appendix A summarizes available information on alternative fuel-vehicle emissions. Appendix B describes several hypothetical strategies that the Department of Navy might use in distributing alternative fuel-vehicles among its facilities. Finally, Appendix C describes the calculation of the cost estimates presented in CNA Research Memorandum 92-91 and includes additional tables and figures comparing the cost of vehicles powered by compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and a blend of 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline (M-85).
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The Displacement of Local Spending for Pollution Control by Federal Construction Grants
June 1, 1984
This paper measures the extent to which state and local government spending on sewer system construction is displaced by Environmental Protection Agency construction grants.
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THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURES ON THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
January 1, 1980
Between 1978 and 1985, municipal governments and private industry will spend about $111 billion dollars on construction of new facilities to reduce air and water pollution as mandated by the EPA. This report presents estimates of how these projected expenditures will affect the total level of construction and how employment, wages, interest rates, and other variables will respond to the change in construction output. Effects on employment in selected subclasses of the construction industry were also estimated.
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MEASURES OF THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC LOSS FROM OIL POLLUTION
June 1, 1974
The specific problem addressed is that of empirically estimating the potential impact of a large scale oil spill into the public waters on the economy of a nearby coastal community. Taking two areas as case studies, the sensitivity of their economies to exogenous changes in income is estimated using an economic base model. The potential is then calculated from the amount of income directly susceptible to oil pollution damages.
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ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION
June 1, 1974
This paper examines the economic issues involved in the imposition of liability for the damages caused by disasters in general and major oil spills in particular.
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