Research for Command and Control

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Military Organizations and the Navy Facilitating Joint Communication
January 1, 2001
This research memorandum compares different military and civilian organizations and examines different ways the services can organize to exchange information. Our goal is to better understand how forces are organized for air, land, and sea combat, and how the unique organizations that have grown up in each environment can work together in a joint operation, We do this by examining service and joint organizations, and how military forces and civilian organizations currently reassemble to work across organizational boundaries. The purpose of this memorandum is to examine other ways in which the Navy could "plug into" service and joint command and control organizations, without the Navy losing the fundamental character of the Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) concept.
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The Intervasion of Haiti
August 1, 1996
On 19 September 1994, U.S. troops began a permissive entry into Haiti. This occurred the morning after President Clinton stopped an invasion with airborne forces already in the air. Perhaps most appropriately called an intervasion, somewhere between an invasion and intervention, Operation Uphold Democracy came almost exactly three years after the Haitian armed forces overthrew the government of Jean Bertrand Aristide, the first democratically-elected president in Haiti's turbulent history. The 1991 coup and the use of military forces to restore President Aristide fit into a long-term pattern of Haitian political instability and violence. The United States led the international intervention (intervasion) to restore the democratically elected President to power. This paper reviews Haitian-American relations and events in Haiti leading to the operation, discusses the operation through its three phases, evaluated the intervention, and describes some potential lessons to be learned from it. Table 2 provides a list of US Operations in the Caribbean, 1991-1995.
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Legal Requirements for Humanitarian Assistance Operations
April 1, 1996
This briefing presents the results of a study conducted by the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) for the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) and the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF). Our goal was to determine how the Marine Corps can improve its ability to conduct humanitarian assistance operations (HAOs) through changes in doctrine, organization, training and equipment. This particular briefing presents an analysis of the legal requirements of HAOs. Although HAOs occur within the United States as well as abroad, here we focus only on those legal requirements specific to foreign HAOs.
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Improving Marine Coordination with Relief Organizations in Humanitarian Operations
April 1, 1996
The purpose of military Humanitarian Assistance Operations (HAO) is to relieve the suffering of populations affected by a natural or man-made disaster. But the military rarely provides relief on its own throughout an operation. Civilian humanitarian relief organizations are often on the ground when the military deploys to an area, or they follow soon after. These relief organizations, many with significant resources and experienced staffs, specialize in providing relief. Whoever is in charge of an operation as a whole, the military and relief organizations usually develop the same relationship. The relief organizations provide the actual relief and the military supports their efforts by providing assets and conducting operations. This relationship make perfect sense, given the expertise of the relief workers and the resources of the military. To support these relief organizations, the military must coordinate its efforts with them. Past operations and exercises, however, have shown that military coordination with relief organizations has been vital, but difficult. This paper covers two types of HAOs -- those in response to a natural disaster and those that are a result of civil strife. The latter types of HAOs, which often cause, exacerbate, or do not allow the mitigation of starvation -- are called complex humanitarian emergencies.
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The U.S. Marine Corps and Domestic Operations: Insights on Requirements
April 1, 1996
In this briefing we examine issues for the U.S. Marine Corps to consider in organizing and conducting Military Support for Civil Authorities (MSCA) operations - or, more simply, domestic operations. This briefing is part of the documentation from a CNA study that examined USMC issues in conducting Humanitarian Assistance Operations (HAOs). The Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, and the Commanding General, I Marine Expeditionary Force, requested that CNA conduct the study. We focused on how HAOs differ from traditional warfighting operations and on the implications of these differences for requirements in Marine Corps doctrine, organization, training, and equipment. The briefing does not cover all aspects of domestic operations, nor does it cover every role of Marine forces in these operations. With this background in mind, it focuses on some of the ways in which domestic operations differ from operations conducted outside the United States, and the implications of these differences for the Marine Corps.
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Command and Coordination in Humanitarian Assistance Operations
April 1, 1996
The Marine Corps Combat Development Command asked the Center for Naval Analyses to analyze how the Marine Cops could improve its ability to conduct humanitarian assistance operations. We identified changes to doctrine, equipment, organization and training that would support Marine Corps commanders and troops tasked to perform these missions. This research memorandum identifies issues, requirements, and alternatives in the area of command and control. The focus is on command relationships and coordination.
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Korea in the 21st Century
February 1, 1996
The Commander, Seventh Fleet, asked CNA to assess the security environment of the Asia-Pacific Region between now and 2010. This research memorandum focuses on the most probable evolutionary trends for Korea during this period. For Korea the development of an Asian nation-state system comes at a time of historic power relative to anything of the past century. The problem for the Korean people, historically, was that Korea was a weak state surrounded by strong empires in China, Russia, and Japan. The economic development of Korea over the past 30 years is a remarkable success story, although this development took place in a peaceful stable environment. The problem facing Korea is whether it can successfully continue its economic progress in a world that is more competitive, more wary of exploitative economic practices, any more dominated by large countries who have in the past been enemies.
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Requirements for Humanitarian Assistance and Peace Operations: Insights from Seven Case Studies
March 1, 1995
As part of the CNa project on the Marine Corps and Humanitarian Assistance Operations, sponsored by the Marine Corps Combat Development Center (MCCDC), this research memorandum examines USMC involvement in seven Humanitarian Assistance/Peace Operation (HA/POs). This project seeks to help MCCDC identify requirements (whether in doctrine, organization, training, or equipment) to improve the Marine Corps' ability to effectively perform HA/PO tasks. The project team is identifying the range of HA/PO requirements through a variety of methods, including seminar gaming, evaluation of existing doctrine and policies, and evaluation of the historical record.
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Development of U.S. Joint and Amphibious Doctrine, 1898-1945
September 1, 1994

The Naval Doctrine Command asked the Center for Naval Analyses to examine the command and control doctrine and practice of U.S. naval forces. The purpose of this effort is to help the Command (1) refine naval doctrine and (2) participate more effectively in the development of joint doctrine. CNA's Naval Command and Control for Joint Operations project examines how current Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) and Amphibious Warfare concepts can better integrate with the command and control of joint and combined operations. One of the objectives of this study is to understand how the dynamics that drive command and control for joint and combined operations differ from those that drive the Navy's use of the CWC structure. To do this, we need to examine the following questions: (1) How did our current joint and combined command structures evolve? (2) Why did these structures take the forms that they have? and (3) What are the implications for naval forces? This research memorandum focuses on the origins and evolution of U.S. doctrine for joint, combined, and amphibious warfare. First, we discuss how doctrine developed from the initial U.S. experience at modern coalition warfare in World War I, and then through the development of techniques and doctrine for operations between the wars. Second, we examine how current doctrine arose out of World War II. Finally, we discuss some of the implications for today's naval forces.

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Desert Storm Reconstruction Report: Antiair Warfare, Volume III
October 1, 1991
This volume of the Desert Storm Reconstruction Report describes arrangements for the conduct of Antiair Warfare (AAW) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea during Operation Desert Storm. It discusses the disposition of ships and aircraft; procedures for air control, deconfliction, and force defense; and identification criteria and rules of engagement. See also 27 910178 thru 27 910190, and 27 910219.
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